Titlebook: Surgical Approaches to the Spine; Robert G. Watkins, III,Robert G. Watkins, IV Book 2015Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media New

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Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine (Hodgson), C1–C3 approach, and with the more distal partial detachment of sternocleidomastoid muscle from the clavicle, as in the Nanson supraclavicular approach, allows good exposure from C1 to T2. The standard midcervical approach to the lateral spine C3–C7 as described by Hodgson is lateral to the sternocl

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Supraclavicular Approach,; a small roll under the shoulder often helps to extend the neck. Location of the thoracic duct and recurrent laryngeal nerve becomes even more important at this level. Approaches from the left for C6 through T2 are directly in the vicinity of the thoracic duct. Identify the thoracic duct when possi

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Cervicothoracic Junction,ath. This method allows exposure from C1 to T21 and can be combined with an osteotomy of the sternoclavicular joint to allow a greater exposure at T2. The thoracic duct must be avoided with the left anteromedial approach. The recurrent laryngeal nerve should be identified with the right-side approac

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Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Spine,erations. The junction of the cervical and thoracic spine not only represents the apex of two physiologic curvatures but is also crowded by important neurovascular structures, the trachea and the esophagus at the narrowed thoracic outlet. Median sternotomy as well as partial resection of the manubri

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Thoracotomy Approach,ially those involving a strut graft. The rib to resect for a certain vertebral level is chosen by one of two methods:.When the pathology dictates a direct anterior approach to the vertebral column, that is, kyphotic TB abscess, choose the rib directly horizontal to the vertebral level at the midaxil