Titlebook: Raynaud’s Phenomenon; A Guide to Pathogene Fredrick M. Wigley,Ariane L. Herrick,Nicholas A. F Book 20151st edition The Editor(s) (if applic

gregarious

dissent

Entrancing

咒語(yǔ)

978-1-4939-4724-9The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Busines

美食家

,Clinical Outcome Measures in Raynaud’s Phenomenon,d symptoms. Different outcome measures are incorporated in clinical trials of RP and majority of them are patient reported. This chapter discusses different individual outcome measures used in multicenter clinical trials and proposes a new composite index for future trials.

外向者

,Historical Perspective of Raynaud’s Phenomenon,such hypothesis showing that a “l(fā)ocal fault” of the digital artery was actually responsible. Evidence supporting Raynaud’s or Lewis’ hypotheses alternated during the twentieth century, until the discovery of the molecular basis of cold-induced cutaneous arterial vasoconstriction led over the past de

stratum-corneum

,Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon,revalence of RP in men increases with increasing age and smoking and is more likely to be secondary to occupational exposures such as vibration or atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease than in women. Low body weight is a risk factor in both sexes. Studies of risk factors have been hindered by

esculent

Thermoregulation: The Normal Structure and Function of the Cutaneous Vascular System,erve activity. Sympathetic vasoconstriction and local cold-induced amplification act selectively to restrict blood flow through AVAs, preserving nutritional blood flow through skin capillaries. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to sympathetic and local cold-induced amplification of vasoconstriction

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,Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon,lly the first choice, starting at low dosage and gradually increased as tolerated. If the maximum tolerated dose is ineffective, an alternative vasodilator should be tried, although the evidence base for other therapies is very weak.

Exclaim

,Raynaud’s Mimics, are distinguished from Raynaud’s by an absence of temperature sensitivity. Thoracic outlet syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome are both discussed in detail and important features of diagnosis and management are revealed. Thoracic outlet syndrome is important to accurately diagnose as it can