Titlebook: Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern; Sven Erik J?rgensen Book 2002Latest edition Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002 development.ecol

盡管

Commonwealth

Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern978-94-010-0381-0Series ISSN 0929-0281

玷污

Network and Hierarchical Concepts of Ecosystems,ms, and more than energy, mass flows, trophic webs and interacting populations. Ecosystems should be conceived as the full interactive network among co-existing living organisms and their non-biological physical-chemical environment (Higashi and Burns 1991).

帶傷害

Epilogue,, because they all contribute to a better understanding of the system properties. They are only in opposition to each other on a few points and form a pattern that can hopefully serve as a common framework (or maybe as a conceptual diagram) for the further development of ecosystem theory

混沌

同來(lái)核對(duì)

0929-0281 at the integrated ecosystem theory presented can be applied to explain various ecological observations and rules. .Audience: Researchers and decision makers whose work involves the study of ecosystems and ecology. This book is also recommended for use in graduate courses.978-1-4020-0755-2978-94-010-0381-0Series ISSN 0929-0281

放肆的我

Models in Ecology,e obtain a more comprehensive overall picture of the ecosystem, because we can, as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, only cover our observations completely by the use of a pluralistic view. Modelling is a very useful tool in our effort to achieve the best possible such view.

locus-ceruleus

Acetabulum

Utility Theory, Indirect Effect and Ascendancy, entire system. This example demonstrates that the components are influencing each other far more than just by the direct link between two adjacent components. Any change in the system will propagate to all components of the network and the network gives information about the pathways that propagation will follow.

Affluence

Chaos, Fractals and Ecology,elativity has eliminated the Newtonian illusion of absolute space and time, while quantum theory has eliminated the Newtonian dream of controllable measurements. Chaos theory has eliminated the Laplacian illusion of deterministic predictability and can therefore be conceived as a ticking timebomb under reductionistic science.