Titlebook: Icons of the Alphabet; Letter Names, Phonet Reese M. Heitner Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive lic

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: When Two /u/ Make One /w/ and the Phonetics of Consonantalizationspire to make one /w/? This chapter explores the phonetic origins of the name . by investigating the fluid interrelationships which obtain between the vowels phoneticians classify as “high” and the consonants they classify as “semi-vowels.” But even the ancient Romans were implicitly aware of some o

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and ,: The Consonantal Ambinyms and the Digraph Combination plus words, and spell the velar stop consonants /k/ and /g/ before but not or . Moreover, this stop consonant pattern extends to the pronunciation of in . and . and in . and .. However, in . and ., represents /g/; in . it represents /?/. And if this alphabetic charade were

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and ,: English Fricatives Find Their Voicerical complexities. In fact, the names . and . are more than just superficial, they are artificial. Unlike most of their alphabetic peers, the names . and . are fundamentally modern, only a few hundred years old. Were these two names as old as either . or ., would likely be named *. and woul

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Procrustean Vowel Length: The Bimoraic Weight of VC and CVV Tautonymsowels: short when vowel initial; long when vowel final. This configuration of short vowels in closed syllables and long vowels in open syllables is interpreted as a bimoraic template governing not only the minimal but also the maximal structure of stressed syllables in English. Phonological symptoms

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Alphabetic Iconography: A Metalinguistic Guide to Phonologies and OrthographiesPA notation—within descriptive accounts of phonological typology and theoretical accounts of phonological change. Socrates’ discussion in the . is the first recorded metalinguistic analysis of letter names, but it was guided by a more general interest in language and language change which continues

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Reese M. Heitnerional folding of these hydrophobic proteins. Equally, in artificial cell studies, controllable methods are desirable for in situ synthesis of membrane proteins that then direct reactions in the synthetic cell membrane. Here we describe a method that exploits cell-free expression systems and tunable

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Reese M. HeitnerNA density 10.–10. fold higher than in bulk solution reactions. A brush localizes the transcription-translation machinery in cell extracts or in cell-free reconstituted reactions from purified components, creating a concentrated source of RNA and proteins. Newly synthesized molecules can form circui

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