Titlebook: Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance; Matthias Gotte (Editor-in-chief),Albert Berghuis,D Reference work 2017 Springer Science+Business Med

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HBV Therapy and the Problem of Drug Resistancee risk of liver disease progression, including cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucleos(t)ide analogue monotherapy is commonly used as first-line therapy, and most patients will require long-term antiviral therapy. As for all direct-acting antiviral agents, the emergence of

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Protease Inhibitor ResistanceV infection, allowing for viral elimination in the majority of treated patients. The first two drugs to be approved for the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection were the HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir. However, their administration in combination with pegylated interferon

Communal

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Resistance to Cyclophilin Inhibitorst accomplished by combining several drugs with potent antiviral activity across multiple genotypes, with each possessing a high barrier to resistance, different mechanisms of action, and no cross-resistance. A novel class of anti-HCV agents that have shown great promise in HCV patients – the cycloph

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Antiviral Drug Resistance in Herpesviruses) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections. The modest activity of ACV against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has prompted the development of another nucleoside analogue, ganciclovir (GCV), for the management of systemic and organ-specific HCMV diseases. Second-line agents such as the pyrophosphate

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Quasispecies and Drug Resistance features of RNA viral quasispecies such as internal interactions within mutant spectra and the effect of population size and bottleneck events as they affect the frequency of inhibitor-escape mutants. Genetic barriers to resistance and fitness cost of specific amino acid substitutions involved in r

synovitis

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The Mechanisms of Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics antibacterials is the β-lactams that target the transpeptidase enzymes, which are responsible for cross-linking the peptidoglycan cell wall. There are over 34 FDA-approved β-lactams which together constitute ~50 % of all antibiotic prescriptions worldwide (Tahlan K and Jensen SE, J Antibiot (Tokyo)

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Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance in Bacterial Biofilmss are ubiquitous in the natural and industrial environment, their importance in human infections has only been fully recognized in the past few decades. Biofilm-associated bacteria typically cause subacute and chronic infections. Many bacterial pathogens, such as . readily form biofilms, and . which

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Strategies for Circumventing Bacterial Resistance Mechanismsmised but is now found both in and out the boundaries of the hospital. Preserving the efficacy of the antibacterials we have, in order to secure the time needed to discover and develop new antibacterials, will require abrupt change: in the way antibacterials are dispensed and disposed, in the criter