Titlebook: Basic Topology; M. A. Armstrong Textbook 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1983 Algebraic topology.Basic.Fundamental group.Top

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DEMUR

A. Moreno,J. M. P. Carmelo,A. MuramatsuThe definition of a topological space given in Chapter 1 fits quite well our intuitive idea of what a space ought to be. Unfortunately, it is not terribly convenient to work with, and our first job is to produce an equivalent, more manageable, set of axioms.

Spartan

討厭

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59354-3The whole of this chapter will be devoted to applications of homology theory. We start by defining the ‘degree’ of a map from the .-sphere to itself, a concept due to Brouwer which allows one to decide whether or not two such maps are homotopic.

Inflammation

Incisor

SUE

Chipmunk

The Fundamental Group,We gave a brief description of how to set about defining the fundamental group of a space at the end of Chapter 1. We recall that the idea is to manufacture a group out of the set of loops in the space which begin and end at some specified point (usually referred to as the base point).

FLINT

拋物線