二、英文寫(xiě)作的語(yǔ)言技巧 1. Introduction: A. 如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足并有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己研究的重要性?在敘述前人成果之后,用However來(lái)引導(dǎo)不足,提出一種新方法或新方向。如:However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如:Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previus results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist……研究方法和方向與前人一樣時(shí),可通過(guò)以下方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作:However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性,一般還要在However之前介紹與自己研究問(wèn)題相反或相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。比如:(1)時(shí)間問(wèn)題;(2)研究手段問(wèn)題;(3)研究區(qū)域問(wèn)題;(4)不確定性;(5)提出自己的假設(shè)來(lái)驗(yàn)證。如果你研究的問(wèn)題在時(shí)間上比較新,你可大量提及時(shí)間較老問(wèn)題的研究及重要性,然后(However)表明“對(duì)時(shí)間尺度比較新的問(wèn)題研究不足”;如果你的是一種新的研究手段或研究方向,你可提出當(dāng)前流行的方法及其物質(zhì)性質(zhì),然后(However)說(shuō)對(duì)你所研究的方向方法研究甚少;如果研究涉及區(qū)域問(wèn)題,就先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或其它區(qū)域的研究,然后(However)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域的研究不足;雖然前人對(duì)某一問(wèn)題研究很多,但目前有兩種或更多種觀點(diǎn),這種uncertanties或ambiguities值得進(jìn)一步澄清;如果自己的研究是全是新的,沒(méi)有前人的工作可對(duì)比,你就可以自信地說(shuō)“根據(jù)假設(shè)提出的過(guò)程,存在這種可能的結(jié)果,本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的觀點(diǎn):We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范圍:introduction的另一個(gè)作用就是告訴讀者(包括reviewer),你文章的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。如果處理不好,reviewer會(huì)提出嚴(yán)厲的建議,比如你沒(méi)有考慮某種可能性,某種研究手段等。為減少這種爭(zhēng)論,在前言的結(jié)尾就必須明確提出本文研究的范圍:(1)時(shí)間尺度;(2) 研究區(qū)域等。如涉及較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)序,你可明確提出本文只關(guān)心某一特定時(shí)間范圍的問(wèn)題,We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有兩種時(shí)間尺度 (long-term and short term),你可說(shuō)兩者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一種。研究區(qū)域的問(wèn)題,和時(shí)間問(wèn)題一樣,也需明確提出你只關(guān)心某一特定區(qū)域! D. 最后的原場(chǎng):在前言的最后,還可以總結(jié)性地提出“這一研究對(duì)其它研究有什么幫助”;或者說(shuō)further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。總之,其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問(wèn)題上來(lái)。盡量減少不必要的爭(zhēng)論(arguments)。 . |
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