Titlebook: Surgery; Basic Science and Cl Jeffrey A. Norton (Robert L. and Mary Ellenburg Pr Book 2008Latest edition Springer-Verlag New York 2008 Colo

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Cell Structure, Function, and Geneticses acquired the ability to interact and ultimately developed mechanisms of self-replication. These mechanisms became more elaborate as evolutionary forces brought their influence to bear. The first true “cells” arose when DNA, RNA, and proteins became contained within a boundary, the plasma membrane

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Substrate Metabolism nitrogen wasting. This initial phase of injury also demonstrates an augmented release of neuroendocrine hormones, including catecholamines and Cortisol. On adequate resuscitation and stabilization of the injured patient, a reprioritization of substrate utilization occurs to preserve vital organ fun

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Perioperative Fluids and Electrolytesthese changes occur as a result of the patient’s underlying disease. For example, hemorrhage or bowel obstruction may acutely change the volume of fluid in the intravascular or extracellular compartments. However, these alterations are not limited to patients requiring urgent operative intervention

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Hemostasis and Coagulationsurgical hemostasis, such as a failed ligature, but also can be caused by a defect in the hemostatic system. Surgical hemostasis and an adequately functioning coagulation system are complementary: In some cases, a patient with a (minor) hemostatic defect may be operated on without any specific perio

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Transfusion Therapyg an increase compared to prior years (Fig. 9.1).. Approximately 40,000 units of blood are used each day in the United States,- every few seconds someone receives a blood transfusion. The majority of the red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in the United States are administered to elective surgical pat

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Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Managementhe repair process is fibrosis and scar in all organ systems except bone and except for specialized conditions of liver injury. Because surgeons induce tissue injury, a thorough understanding of the wound repair process is fundamental to the practice of surgery; thus, surgeons and wound repair have e

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