Titlebook: Studies to Combat COVID-19 using Science and Engineering; Dana Barry,Hideyuki Kanematsu Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Au

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1356-3Viruses; Medical and Health Issues; Pandemics; Coronavirus; Antiviral Materials; Vaccines; Therapeutic Dru

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Antiviral Drugs, Antibodies, and Vaccines for COVID-19 for antigens and antibodies. Information is also provided about COVID-19 treatments with antiviral drugs and antibodies. Finally, there is a discussion about vaccines including Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson.

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Infectionre, viruses are not organisms but just tiny particles conveying nucleic acids. We should keep the differences in mind to combat COVID-19 and other viruses with researchers in various disciplines. In this chapter, we describe what infection is and how viruses differ from bacteria.

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Viral Behaviors on Materials and the International Standard Between Materials and Microbial/Viral En, this evaluation process provides visualization to the researchers and engineers who use it. From this viewpoint, we would say the method is intuitive, rapid, relatively inexpensive, and user-friendly. It is used in industry to evaluate materials.