Titlebook: Richelieu and Mazarin; A Study in Statesman David J. Sturdy Textbook 2004Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 200

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Richelieu: Bishop and Emerging Political Leader,e ecclesiastical hierarchy of France, they did not signal the remarkable political career which he went on to pursue. The du Plessis family were minor nobility, most of whose land was in Poitou in the region around Loudun; among their estates was that of Richelieu, from which Armand-Jean later took

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,Richelieu and French Foreign Policy, 1630–42,atively, although not completely, free from the ideological constraints to which the now-discredited pro-Spanish lobby had attempted to subject him. For the time being his motives in foreign policy were primarily defensive. The war in Germany was swinging in favour of the Habsburgs in the late 1620s

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Mazarin: Origins and Early Career,ars whom he variously maintained, protected and patronised. In 1640 he brought into his immediate entourage an Italian diplomat with whom he had had dealings and who had impressed him as a man of singular political gifts: Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (sometimes Mazarini) who, when he was naturalised in

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,Mazarin in Government and the Conduct of War, 1643–8, direction in which the French government should take the kingdom. This sentiment of expectation was all the stronger in that, in the few months before his death, the king had issued amnesties to prominent prisoners and allowed exiles to return to France. Gaston d’Orléans was readmitted to the royal

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The Frondes,tatives who would meet in a hall of the Parlement — the Chambre Saint Louis — to discuss the reform of the state. The Regency, which was following closely the collapse of the power of Charles I in England, feared that the . might imitate what the Parliament in London was doing to the king. When disc