Titlebook: Retrospective Pledge Voting and Political Accountability; The Costs of Broken Theres Matthie? Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and

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ide their home countries amounted to only 7 per cent of world output in 1990 and UNCTAD research which shows that the Triad accounted for 75 per cent of the stock of foreign direct investment and 60 per cent of the flow at the beginning of the 1990s.

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RPV at the Micro Level: Evidence from Experimental DataAfter having found evidence for retrospective pledge voting (RPV) at the aggregate level (Chap. .) and individual-group level (Chap. .), this chapter marks the final step of the threefold empirical investigation by going down to the micro level and analysing data from two survey experiments.

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Election Pledges, Democratic Representation, and Votingive relationship between political parties and citizens. There is kind of a “natural expectation” that electoral promises are meant to be kept. Especially before elections, the public and media show a high interest in parties’ election pledges and their performance in fulfilling or breaking their promises.

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