Titlebook: Regulation of Cancer Immune Checkpoints; Molecular and Cellul Jie Xu Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

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Roles of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond, of PD-L1. This provides the scientific rationale for clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology. The aberrantly high expression of PD-L1 in tumor microenvironment (TME) can be attributable to the “primary” activation of multiple oncogenic signaling and the “secondary” inductio

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Discovery of New Immune Checkpoints: Family Grows Up,ted toxicities, some are life-threatened and with higher incidence in I-O combination regiment. Moreover, clinicians observed some cases switching to progression after achieving partial or complete response, indicating treatment failure or drug resistance. So people begin looking for the next genera

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Molecular Events Behind Adverse Effects,gut immune tolerance toward dietary antigens and commensals, and anti-inflammatory function in intestines are maintained mainly by Treg cells. Furthermore, tissue residency of functional T cells depends on the homing/trafficking to the locations of inflammation. Here, we review the role of microbiot

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Folded or Degraded in Endoplasmic Reticulum,onged ER stress ultimately results in cell death. This chapter reviews the process that proteins undergo in the ER, and the glycosylation, folding and degradation of immune checkpoint proteins as well as the associated potential immunotherapies to date.

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Regulation of Cancer Immune Checkpoint: Mono- and Poly-Ubiquitination: Tags for Fate,e selectively recruits specific protein substrates through specific protein-protein interactions to determine the specificity of the overall ubiquitin modification reaction. Immune-checkpoint inhibitory pathway is an important mechanism for tumor cells to evade immune killing, which can inhibit T ce

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Phosphorylation: A Fast Switch For Checkpoint Signaling,d CTLA-4, because investigations concerning them are particularly abundant and variant. Their distinct regulation is supplementarily discussed in their respective section. As for checkpoints that are so far not well explored, their related phosphorylation modulations are listed separately in the lat

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Checkpoints Under Traffic Control: From and to Organelles, include metformin, chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family member (CMTM), Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related (HIP1R), exosomes, ALIX, polyI:C, and various post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on the checkpoints under traffic control, counting PD-L1