Titlebook: Rate Adaptive Cardiac Pacing; Eckhard Alt,S. Serge Barold,Karl Stangl Conference proceedings 1993 Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1993

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Indications for Implanting Rate-Adaptive Cardiac Pacemakerslevels of exercise, a rate adaptation under changing metabolic or circulatory conditions not due to exercise, a rate adaptation in terms of biorhythmics, a rate reaction in the case of emotional responses and to prevent the occurrence of especially atrial rhythm disorders.

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Stroke Volume: A Hemodynamic Variable for Rate-Adaptive Pacingombination of these three mechanisms was effective enough in the majority of patients to mask the clinical need for a rate increase. However, since both the stroke volume and the percentage of oxygen which can be extracted from the blood are limited physiologically, there is always a loss of cardiac reserve in fixed-rate pacing.

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Hemodynamics of the Paced HeartThe hemodynamics of the pacemaker patient is subject not only to the general determinants of cardiac function, such as contractility of the myocardium, preload and afterload, but also to specific factors resulting from the nature of the patient’s conduction defect and/or the particular pacing mode applied.

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General Characteristics of Sensors Used in Rate-Adaptive Pacing: The Ideal Sensor-Open- and Closed-L the momentary metabolic needs of the individual patient significantly improved the patient’s exercise tolerance. As this was recognized several sensors were investigated as to their ability to indicate the required pacing rate.

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Respiration966 [1], Using normal subjects, as well as patients with a variety of respiratory diseases, Rossi et al. [2 ,3 ,4] demonstrated a good correlation between heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen uptake, irrespective of the underlying lung disease.