Titlebook: Parathyroid Gland Disorders; Controversies and De Mahmoud F. Sakr Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusiv

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Post-thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia: Incidence and Risk Factors,quate for the preservation of calcium homeostasis. Still however, hypocalcemia is a common complication following thyroidectomy. The incidence of post-operative hypocalcemia varies widely in the literature, and the factors associated with hypocalcemia, after thyroid surgery, are still not well estab

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Parathyroid Transplantation,nds (PTGs) are damaged, incidentally removed, or their blood supply is jeopardized, auto-transplantation should be undertaken to preserve their function. Parathyroid transplantation can be considered in three distinct modes of application: fresh parathyroid tissue auto-transplantation during thyroid

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Parathyroid Cancer,f primary hyperparathyroidism and presents a clinical challenge in diagnosis, management, and adjuvant therapy. It should be suspected with markedly elevated serum calcium levels (>14?mg/dL or >3.5?mmol/L). Fine-needle aspiration cytology should be avoided if there is a suspicion of parathyroid carc

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Intra-operative Tools in Parathyroidectomy,roximately 25% for super-numerary and 43% for ectopic glands. The advantageous minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which allows exposure of the diseased gland only, has currently replaced the time-honored bilateral neck exploration, which allowed the surgeon to visually inspect all PTGs. Intra-ope

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Parathyroidectomy,tomical variation than the inferior glands. Most parathyroidectomies are performed for ., the most common cause of which is parathyroid adenoma, accounting for 75–90% of cases. Four-gland hyperplasia can be asymmetric with some glands being very large and others appearing closer to normal in size, s

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