Titlebook: Opioid Research; Methods and Protocol Zhizhong Z. Pan Book 2003 Humana Press 2003

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Identification of Alternatively Spliced Variants from Opioid Receptor Genesernative splicing of its 14 exons (.–.). Furthermore, the region-specific expression of the splice variants suggests an important role of alternative splicing in regulating gene functions (.–.). Genomic sequences from various species are available from many genome projects, but it is still challengi

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Hybridization in Neural TissuesNA (mRNA) of interest in its neuroanatomical context and in a relatively quantitative manner. . hybridization can be performed using either radioactive or nonradioactive techniques and quantitated using specialized image analysis programs. This chapter will describe a sensitive radioactive method of

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Quantitative Single-Cell RT-PCR for Opioid Receptors and Housekeeping Genesnd PCR confuse the interpretation of results. This chapter demonstrates three refinements of the standard RT-PCR strategy, which together provide explicit measurements of single-cell gene expression in terms of mRNA molecules per cell. (1) The entire cell is harvested and reverse transcribed. (2) Mu

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Gene Arrays and Proteomicser to control cellular functions. In the opioid field, we concern ourselves both with signaling mechanisms within cells and the functions of neural circuitry in mediating the behavioral effects of opioids. All of these mechanisms identified to date have proven to be extremely complex, suggesting tha

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Pharmacological Interventions at the Spinal Cord some of the intrinsic spinal circuitry underlying spinal reflexes. To understand the modulation of spinal processing by local spinal innervations and descending fibers from supraspinal structures to the spinal cord, a pharmacological approach is often more useful than a surgical one. The developmen

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Opioid Tolerance in Adult and Neonatal Ratshe most effective analgesics and are widely used in current clinical management of various pain conditions. They are particularly required to chronically treat severe and persistent pain in patients suffering from chronic diseases, such as cancer. Repeated use of opioid drugs, however, induces the d