Titlebook: Opioid Research; Methods and Protocol Zhizhong Z. Pan Book 2003 Humana Press 2003

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Opioid Research978-1-59259-379-8Series ISSN 1543-1894 Series E-ISSN 1940-6037

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Methods in Molecular Medicinehttp://image.papertrans.cn/o/image/702429.jpg

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Receptor Knock-Out and Gene Targetingnterpretation of the experimental data was complicated because of the poor selectivity of opioid compounds. The precise contribution of each receptor to the effects of opioid drugs remained to be elucidated.

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Demonstrate

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Expression of Opioid Receptors in Mammalian Cell Linesied by molecular cloning. Although each of the cloned opioid receptors is derived from a single gene, a number of alternatively spliced variants from their own genes have been isolated (.–.). One extraordinary example is the mouse μ opioid receptor (.) gene in which alternative splicing of the fourt

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Assessing Opioid Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase Activity in Intact Cellsceptors, translate extracellular messages into cellular function. Following receptor activation, adenylyl cyclase is either activated or inhibited via the α-subunit of G. or G. protein, respectively (.). Regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity consequently leads to changes in intracellular levels of

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Analysis of Opioid-Induced Kinase Activationtalyze phosphorylation of a protein and transfer the γ-phosphate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) onto the serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue. It has been shown that stimulation of opioid receptors regulates activities of numerous protein kinases including protein kinase C (PKC), cAMP-dependent p

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Opioid Receptor Coupling to GIRK Channels3), adenylyl cyclases, and voltage-dependent calcium channels (.). GIRK channels have been shown to be involved in opioid-induced analgesia (.). These channels are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as opioid, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, M2 muscarinic, α. adrenergic, and D. dopaminerg