Titlebook: Oncogenes; An Introduction to t Kathy B. Burck,Edison T. Liu,James W. Larrick Book 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1988 Chromosom.DNA.ca

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Assays: Tools of the New Biology,pertinent fragments that include DNA sequences of interest. This is accomplished by restriction endonuclease digestion, agarose gel electrophoresis, and Southern blot hybridization. DNA fragments can be isolated and expanded for more detailed studies by employing procedures whereby individual fragme

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Viruses and Oncogenes,to subserve similar functions..The RNA tumor viruses were the first infectious agents unequivocally associated with neoplasia. A large number of such viruses have been isolated from chickens, rodents, cats, and monkeys. Many transduce one or two oncogene sequences necessary and sufficient for effici

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Cellular Proto-oncogenes,rentiation. Aberrant growth and development are characteristic of cancer, and the hypothesis that abnormal “activated” oncogenes contribute to the neoplastic state is therefore attractive. Changes activating normal proto-oncogenes to transforming oncogenes could occur at the DNA, RNA, or protein lev

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Oncogenes and Human Cancers,ase of translocations involving c-. seen in Burkitt’s lymphomas, or due to amplification which augments expression by increasing the gene copy number. Amplifications of N-. in neuroblastoma, and . in human breast cancer have been correlated with a more advanced stage and a poorer prognosis..Recently

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, and Related Protein Kinases, region encoding a tyrosine near the carboxy terminus of the protein. This alteration, also found in many of the growth factor receptor oncogenes, causes these proteins to function abnormally. Although several substrates of the tyrosine kinases have been found, those critical for the initiation and

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Growth Factors and Receptors,e . gene encodes a product similar to the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor; the . oncogene product shows some homology with the insulin receptor. In these instances the normal cellular genes have been rendered transforming by point mutations and/or deletions. Proepidermal growth facto

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, Family of Oncogenes,l p21 has GTPase activity that converts the protein from an active to an inactive form. Mutant p21s may have reduced or ineffectual GTPase activity leading to constitutive activation of the protein. Activated protein may transduce a signal(s) important for cell growth; thus constitutive activation m

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, and Other Nuclear Oncogenes,lly associated. The . protein is known to have a nuclear location and may be associated with small nuclear ribonuclear proteins. Other . genes include N-. from neuroblastoma, L-. from small-cell carcinoma of the lung, and R-. from rhabdomyosarcoma..The . gene first was characterized as an avian retr

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Potential Diagnostic Uses of Oncogenes,ted with stage and pathogenesis of cancers of all types. The development of specific antibodies and probes will facilitate this work, and the use of novel DNA amplification techniques and the cell sorter to study populations of cells will permit cancer to be diagnosed earlier and followed more close

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Potential Therapeutic Applications of Oncogenes,c nucleic acid sequences might be targeted by antisense oligonucleotides of DNA or RNA and by nucleotide antimetabolites such as dideoxy- or methylphosphonate-modified nucleotides..Another approach is to vaccinate against tumors or their known etiological agents. In particular, vaccines against tumo