Titlebook: Noback‘s Human Nervous System, Seventh Edition; Structure and Functi Norman L. Strominger,Robert J. Demarest,Lois B. La Book 2012Latest edi

背心

Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid,the two layers of the meninges and, thus, slowly circulates over the entire perimeter of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF also flows through the ventricles, which are the cavities within the brain derived from the central canal of the embryonic neural tube (Fig. 5.1).

Urgency

Inoperable

The Spinal Cord,s of the vertebral canal and is surrounded by the bony vertebral column. It is the central processing and relay station (1) receiving input via peripheral nerves from the body and via descending tracts from the brain and (2) projecting output via the peripheral nerves to the body and via the ascendi

防御

Reflexes and Muscle Tone,nts of the body that are governed by the higher centers of the brain. One expression of somatic motor function is the effortless ease with which humans carry out the most dexterous of motor activities without a conscious awareness of joint movements and the accompanying muscle contractions synchroni

流浪者

DAMN

Discriminative General Senses, Crude Touch, and Proprioception,sensation, which yields little information apart from the fact of contact with an object. The DGSs also include the following: (1) “pressure touch,” which enables an awareness of shape, size, and texture; (2) ., appreciation of an object’s three dimensionality; (3) perception of an object’s weight;

Interim

Motoneurons and Motor Pathways,stems to generate movements produced by the coordinated contractions and relaxations. The motor systems are hierarchically organized in the central nervous system (CNS) as the spinal neuronal circuits that control the automatic stereotypic reflexes (.). Higher centers in the brainstem mediate postur

搏斗

煞費(fèi)苦心

Cranial Nerves and Chemical Senses,n). The other ten pairs are nerves of the brain stem (and, in one case, of the cervical spinal cord). They supply structures of the head and neck and, in the case of the vagus nerve, structures of the trunk. Some cranial nerves contain almost exclusively afferent fibers, others almost exclusively ef

STYX

Neurotransmitters as the Chemical Messengers of Certain Circuits and Pathways,ieth century by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, regarded as the father of modern neuroanatomy. This finding posed questions concerning the nature of the communication between nerve cells, as to whether it is electrical or chemical. Otto Loewi first demonstrated chemical transmission in the peripheral nervou