Titlebook: Navigation; Principles of Positi Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof,Klaus Legat,Manfred Wie Textbook 2003 Springer-Verlag Vienna 2003 GNSS.GPS.INS.

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Isthmus

Physical fundamentals,tic field of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave (Fig. 4.1). The plane containing the field vectors of the E-field defines the polarization of the wave (linear, circular, or elliptical).

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ARBOR

Celestial navigation,bout the hero Odysseus written by the Greek poet Homer. A description for celestial navigation (or astronomical navigation, also briefly astronavigation) on land is the biblical story of the three Magi following the star of Bethlehem (no matter that the “star” actually was a conjunction of Saturn an

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Satellite-based navigation,signals transmitted by satellites. Quite often, this full nomenclature is shortened to the expression “satellite navigation”. This could be misleading because the navigation of satellites could be associated. Primarily, this book implies satellite-based navigation and the authors tried to use the co

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Inertial navigation,e developed in Germany. The first inertial navigation systems (INS) for aircraft use were constructed by Charles S. Draper at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1950. The development of specialized systems for inertial surveying started in the 1970s.

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Image-based navigation,al cameras or active instruments like laser scanners. Image-based navigation allows to extend the definition of navigation beyond the so far primarily geometric task. Due to the interaction of the sensor with its surrounding, sophisticated techniques may be developed permitting autonomous vehicles t

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