Titlebook: Microbial Biochemistry; G.N. Cohen Book 20112nd edition Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 biosynthetic pathways.permeability.regul

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The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the Glyoxylate Bypass,The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, which occurs in the mitichondrial matrix in eukaryotes, is the link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic (or citric) acid cycle..This irreversible funneling of the product of glycolysis into the tricarboxylic acid cycle is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

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Biosynthesis of Lipids,During the late 1930s, Barker isolated an anaerobic bacterium which he called .. This organism is able to grow on a mixture of acetate and ethanol and produces .-butyrate and .-caproate. From this organism, Barker and Stadtman obtained cell-free extracts which could carry the reactions leading to the C4 and C6 acids.

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lactic

Enzyme Induction in Catabolic Systems,Enzymatic adaptation, as it had been studied by Karstr?m can be defined as the induced appearance of specific enzymes after a preliminary “adaptation” of microorganisms on their substrates. The term of enzymatic adaptation has been replaced by enzyme induction.

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Transcription: RNA Polymerase,At the end of the 1950s Hoagland and Zamecnik had succeeded in obtaining an in vitro protein synthesis from ribosomes and crude acellular extracts. Ribosomes cannot by themselves achieve a specific protein synthesis and require an information originating in last analysis in the genes.

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The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria and the Cytoplasmic Membrane,teria cannot make this membrane much less fluid or it will start to interfere with the normal functions of the membrane proteins, so some bacteria have constructed an additional structure that surrounds the cell outside the cytoplasmic membrane. An example of this are Gram-negative bacteria, such as

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ATP-Generating Processes: Respiration and Fermentation,hain. Electrons are removed from membrane carriers by reducing some terminal electron acceptor such as oxygen (aerobic respiration) or nitrogen, sulfate, or carbon dioxide (anaerobic respiration). This process occurs in mitochondria in most eukaryotic cells, or in the cell membrane of prokaryotic ce

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