Titlebook: Methods for Human History; Studying Social, Cul Patrick Manning Textbook 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclus

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Behavior of Individuals, Groups, and Networkshavior: birds have small families but also have large flocks; ants and bees have large communities. So far, most group behavior by animals has been explained through the logic of individual behavior. Similarly, the field of cultural evolution seeks to explain individual learning and the formation of

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Emotions and Human Naturen biological terms, are functional mental states in individuals caused by sensory inputs and yielding behavioral outputs. But for conscious humans, emotions and human nature may be constructed by the interplay of the mind and the external world. The chapter explores methods for the analysis of emoti

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Disciplines and Their Evolutionccasional connections among biological, physical, and social analysis. The chapter reviews scholarship before the rise of disciplinary structures, the emergence of universities in the early nineteenth century, focusing on the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, and the transition to the discipli

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Natural Selection in an Imperial Era, 1850–1945f chromosome functions, and Fisher’s population genetics. The narrow views of eugenics were discredited with Dobzhansky’s synthesis of neo-Darwinism, which showed the deep diversity in species. In social analysis, Tylor and Morgan proposed a stage theory of human development, though Boas convincingl

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DNA in a Progressive Era, 1945–1980 detail, opening many new perspectives in biology: epigenetics, coevolution, sociobiology, and living systems. Epigenetics (studies of life-course development) showed that DNA processes could be switched on and off in ways that changed phenotypes. Discovery of . expanded paleontology. Psychologist C

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Ecology and Society in a Neoliberal Era, 1980–2010in climate; ecological studies showed complex interaction among species; genetics confirmed the African origin of humanity. As theories sharpened, debates about “reductionism” raged across the sciences. Cultural evolution arose to propose a “dual inheritance” linking biological ancestry preserved in

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Cross-Disciplinary Analysis in Global Tension, 2010–2020uding animals, and in human groups. Comparisons of the learning of humans and primates revealed both parallels and specific human distinctions. Work in philosophy and economics showed how explicit groups, formed by agreement among individuals, could function differently from uncommitted individuals,

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