Titlebook: Metaphorical Signs in Computed Tomography of Chest and Abdomen; Andrey Yudin Book 20141st edition Springer International Publishing Switze

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Swiss Cheese Appearance,Pneumonia is the most frequent acute complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In patients with emphysema consolidation of the pulmonary tissue caused by pneumonia may look nonuniformly “perforated” so forming the “.” . (↑). The presence of emphysema often leads to wrong diagnosis of interstitial lung disease in such cases.

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Air Bronchograms and Pseudocavitations,. and . (↑) are often visible in adenocarcinomas (bronchoalveolar carcinomas) and seldom occur in benign lung lesions. Air bronchograms can be also found in pneumonias, round atelectases, inside conglomerate masses in silicosis, and sarcoidosis. Fine lucencies against a neoplasm represent cystic sites filled with air (pseudocavitations).

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Positive Bronchus Sign,Bronchoscopy with biopsy plays a limited role in verification of peripheral lesions of the lungs (about 30 % with nodes smaller than 3 cm in diameter). Efficiency of bronchoscopy considerably rises if the bronchus tends directly to the tumor or is visible in it forming on tomograms the “.” sign (↑).

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Bat Wing, Butterfly, or Angel Wing Sign,gs (known as the “.,” “.,” or “.” sign) may be seen sometimes and attributed to rapid accumulation of edema fluid. Similar pulmonary opacities can be found in patients with pneumonia, inhalation injuries, alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, sarcoidosis, and bronchoalveolar carcinoma.