Titlebook: Messengers from the Cosmos; An Introduction to t Francesco Riggi Textbook 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

灌溉

The Primary Cosmic Radiation,y radiation, which extends over a huge number of orders of magnitude, both in energy and in intensity, is commented, together with the most recent findings from modern experiments, up to the still open problem of the highest energy part of the spectrum and the possible existence of an energy cutoff.

枕墊

The Secondary Cosmic Radiation,sed in this chapter. Electrons and positrons, gammas, muons, charged hadrons and neutrons are the main components of the secondary cosmic ray radiation. The relative abundance of these species at the various altitudes along the atmosphere, their intensity profile, as well as the energy and angular d

ALLEY

The Influence of the Earth,een observed since the early history of cosmic rays and were an important part of the understanding the general properties of the cosmic radiation. Meteorological effects due to the presence of the atmosphere, in particular the temperature effect and the anticorrelation between the cosmic ray flux a

Nibble

The Secondary Cosmic Radiation and the Influence of the Sun,phenomena, among which the 11-years cycles and the 27-days periodicity related to its rotation, and to aperiodic, catastrophic effects, such as the solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Both have an effect on the observed flux of cosmic rays on Earth. The modulation of the cosmic ray flux as dete

Watemelon

顛簸下上

Cosmic Radiations Underground, Under Water and Under the Ice,ing the first measurements of this type, and more recent results obtained to large depths are presented and discussed, with quantitative plots showing the absolute value of the muon flux under a large thickness of material, together with different parameterizations which summarize the results. Possi

Harridan

Parameter

hemophilia

The Detection of Extensive Air Showers,ave detection technique. A brief description of modern arrays, even those built with educational purposes is also presented. Details on how to reconstruct the shower direction by the relative timing associated to several detectors is discussed in Appendix K.

POINT

The Primary Cosmic Radiation,nts in the solar system is discussed. A detailed presentation is also made of the electron/positron and of the gamma components, as well as a discussion of the intensity of the primary radiation at different heights in the Earth atmosphere.