Titlebook: Membrane Handbook; W. S. Winston Ho (Senior Engineering Associate),Ka Book 1992 Van Nostrand Reinhold 1992 Filtration.electrodialysis.extr

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Overviewen widely adopted by different industries. Large-scale commercial uses of membrane separations have displaced conventional separation processes. More are expected in the future. Membrane separation processes are often more capital and energy efficient when compared with conventional separation proce

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Definitionsnly within the last 10 to 15 years. Commercialization depended on the development of membranes with sufficient productivity and separating ability to make them economically attractive in industrial applications.

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Theory5).where . is the diffusion coefficient and . refers to the local gas or penetrant concentration. For unidirectional diffusion through a flat membrane, Eq. (3-1) can be written for species . as (Crank 1975).where . . . . . indicates that the diffusion coefficient can be dependent on the local compos

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Applicationsf refinery gas, air separation, and helium recovery from natural gas. However, commercial membranes capable of performing these separations economically have only become available within the last 15 years.

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Applications and Economicsof 5000 L/day product capacity are in operation, with many more in development and pilot phases. In Europe and Asia, the primary driving forces have been (1) reduced energy costs, (2) low overall system capital costs, and (3) superior separations possible, with no limitations imposed by thermodynami