Titlebook: Management of Technological Change; The Great Challenge Ernst G. Frankel Book 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers 1990 calculus.decision theor

責任

Root494

Modes of Technological Change,d by actions or decisions within a system or firm, usually by rational economic decisions and attempts to allocate limited available resources under the constraints of the system or firm. If the system is a firm, then constraints on endogenous technological change may be imposed by external factors

果仁

Sources of New Technology,an innovation resulting from R&D or discovery, during various stages of the innovation process, or after the technology has been largely perfected and approaches maturity. Methods of technology acquisition are quite diverse and include purchase, transfer, and licensing, which in turn may involve acq

vibrant

Technology Pricing and Economic Evaluation,so be affected by the publicity the technology has received, and the strategy of the owner of the technology, which will usually be influenced by expected developments impacting on the position of the technology. Developments which must be considered are:

Compassionate

SENT

Product, Process, and Service Innovation Cycles,ent of technology by innovation which provides the energy and allows the new technology to make a contribution. It is innovation which brings an invention into commercial use by converting it into a product, process, or service which can be used or applied and for which there is real demand. While i

潛移默化

Decision Theory and Hierarchial Processes,ent or investment in the various stages of technological development and ultimate change. Most of these decisions must be made under conditions of uncertainty, with insufficient and often unreliable information and with only vague knowledge of risk involved and opportunities available. Therefore, su

使?jié)M足

Environmental Impact and Future Role of Technological Change,ogies now which introduce completely new concepts as well as needs. In fact, many introduce or generate needs which people never thought they had or might have. Technology changes the behaviors of individuals, groups, and society. It introduces new challenges as well as new hazards. It unites people

決定性

Strategic Management of Technological Change, and other entities under conditions of continuous change not to develop rigid medium- to long-term guidelines, but to introduce a sense of direction based on overall medium- to long-term objectives. This is necessary to assure that opportunities are not missed.

B-cell