Titlebook: Low Fertility, Institutions, and their Policies; Variations Across In Ronald R. Rindfuss,Minja Kim Choe Book 2016 Springer International Pu

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Canadian Fertility Trends and Policies: A Story of Regional Variation, per woman in 1959, reached a low of 1.51 in 2000, and currently stands at 1.61. The decline was greatest during the 1960s and then slowed considerably, and Canada’s TFR has been fairly stable since the 1970s. The full story of Canadian fertility is not in this dramatic decline, however, but rather

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,Fertility Decline and the Persistence of Low Fertility in a Changing Policy Environment—A Hungariannt level of 2.1 children per woman (in 1962), and as of 2013, Hungary’s TFR was still among the lowest in Europe. The period in between these two dates was characterized by considerable fertility fluctuation combined with long-term decline. These fertility trends were clearly influenced by the profo

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The Policy Context of Fertility in Spain: Toward a Gender-Egalitarian Model?,els is closely linked to the substantial changes in the welfare regime experienced during this period, involving shifts in the share of the cost of children between social institutions. While exchanges of care and financial support across generations are still high, including a prolonged coresidence

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Aging Italy: Low Fertility and Societal Rigidities,s a country of many contradictions, as low fertility interplays—to a certain extent paradoxically—with strong family ties and values, high parental investment in child quality, and low female labor-market participation. This chapter offers reflections on the main institutional factors leading to Ita

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Transition from Anti-natalist to Pro-natalist Policies in Taiwan,imed at reducing the birth rate in order to slow down Taiwan’s rapid population growth. Fertility reached the below-replacement level, generally defined as 2.1 births per woman, in 1984. After this, fertility decline accelerated, bringing Taiwan into the list of ultra-low-fertility countries. This c

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Ronald R. Rindfuss,Minja Kim Choek glaciers (>1950?m altitude), (ii) talus slopes, and (iii) shaded rock walls (>2400?m)—with a net prevalence of the former category. Due to its marginal character, the alpine permafrost in Southern Carpathians develops only in the most favorable conditions which consist in cold microclimates impose

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?ystein Kravdalcultural-historical and economic. . present numerous and various glacial and periglacial geomorphosites. In order to obtain an overall image of this area, the authors calculated indexes for glacial, periglacial and global geomorphic diversity. Geomorphic diversity is a dimensionless parameter that s