Titlebook: Lasers and Excited States of Rare Earths; Renata Reisfeld,Christian Klixbüll J?rgensen Book 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1977 La

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Pudendal-Nerve

Rare-Earth Lasers,tion of laser action was achieved in ruby by Maiman [2]. In the last 15 years a systematic search was conducted for new laser systems using trivalent and divalent rare earths in a great variety of crystals [3–5], glasses [6–20] and liquids [21–23].

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Book 1977 of many-electron systems. Though it is imperative to use samples having optical properties greatly different from the stan- dard continuous spectrum of opaque objects ("black body" radia- tion) it is not always necessary to restrict the study to monatomic entities. Thus, spectral lines can be obtai

indifferent

對(duì)手

0172-7966 ranyl ion or other complexes. On the other hand, it is possible to diminuish the mUlti-phonon relaxation (competing with sharp line luminescence) by selecting v978-3-642-66698-8978-3-642-66696-4Series ISSN 0172-7966

IRATE

Analogies and Differences Between Monatomic Entities and Condensed Matter,xtent replaced the continuous spectra emitted by incandescent solids in oil lamps and candles, and the electric carbon or tungsten filaments. Whereas Newton did not use sufficiently collimated light and a very narrow slit, Wollaston detected 1802 narrow, dark absorption lines in the Solar spectrum (

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Chemical Bonding and Lanthanide Spectra,are not incompatible, as we shall see below, but they contribute to a certain atmosphere of “double truth” permeating much theoretical discussion of rare earths. Furthermore, there is a major difference between the 3d, 4d and 5d groups on the one hand, and the 4f group on the other, so that the exte

Robust

Energy Transfer,ed states, they may work also. Energy transfer may increase the population of excited levels of lanthanides by one or two orders of magnitude compared with direct absorption of light into the rare earth ions. The interpretation of energy transfer in glasses may be complicated by inhomogeneous broade

arcane

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Renata Reisfeld,Christian Klixbüll J?rgensenfidence on its conclusions on the impact of education on growth. This research is sketched. Another approach makes use of observations at the level of individual industries to measure the association between the educational attainments of workers and productivity growth. This research confirms the n