Titlebook: Hydro Saline Metabolism; Epidemiology, Geneti Massimiliano Caprio,Fabio Luiz Fernandes-Rosa Living reference work 20220th edition Sodium.R

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Approach to Hyponatremia According to the Clinical Setting,the consequence of a relative excess of water compared to total body sodium, which can be reduced, normal or even increased. Because of its frequency and different causes, hyponatremia can be observed in virtually all possible clinical scenarios, encompassing medical as well as surgery specialties.

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Electrolyte Disturbance in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-OH Deficiency,um homeostasis, particularly in the neonatal period. The pathophysiology of this impaired sodium balance is still poorly investigated as well as its therapeutic management. This chapter will summarize mechanisms of sodium and water reabsorption, particularly the aldosterone-mineralocorticoid recepto

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Rare Forms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Affecting Electrolyte Homeostasis, deficiency. However, rare forms of CAH, representing around 5% of cases, are attributed to five other enzymatic defects that disrupt steroidogenesis and impact electrolyte homeostasis..Enzymatic defects can occur at various stages of the steroidogenesis pathway, leading to impaired conversion of ch

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Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess,ow-renin levels allowed the identification of two different clinical entities: aldosterone-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation and cortisol-mediated MR activation. The spectrum of cortisol-mediated MR activation includes the classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess?(AME) to milder (

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Mineralocorticoid Resistance,imulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) is a rare disease characterized by salt loss in the neonatal period secondary to a target organ resistance to mineralocorticoid action. Patients exhibit salt wasting in the neonatal period with failure to thri

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Primary Aldosteronism,enal hyperplasia. Over the past 15?years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the disease with the identification of somatic and germline mutations responsible for the development of APA and of familial form of hyperaldosteronism. These mutations affect essentially ionic channels a

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MR and Aldosterone: From Hydro-Saline Metabolism to Metabolic Diseases,phron. In the last 10 years, a number of preclinical studies has shown that MR is expressed also in extra-renal tissues such as heart, adipose tissue and vasculature, providing strong evidence that dysregulated extra-renal MR activation contributes to the development of hypertension, obesity, insuli

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Emanuele Ferrante,Júlia Ferreira de Carvalhon of fossil fuel resources, global energy crisis and growing concerns about environmental pollutants. Among them, the green biocomposites totally based on plants, which consist of lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement agents and biopolymers as matrices, have many beneficial advantages in a wide ra

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