Titlebook: Handbook on Economics of Discrimination and Affirmative Action; Ashwini Deshpande Reference work 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2

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Inequality of Opportunitycannot pursue. They also impact the translation of individual effort into valued outcomes. The inequality of opportunity (.) framework helps clarify the role that circumstances have on socioeconomic disparities. This chapter reviews the central insights of . theory. It then discusses how affirmative

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Decompositions: Accounting for Discriminationh the decomposition at the mean using the methods made popular in the 1970s by Oaxaca and Blinder, we discuss how the method has evolved over time to look beyond the means, taking into account the entire distribution of the outcomes of interest. We present the formal identification assumptions under

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Field Experiments: Correspondence Studiesossible approaches to undermine it. We highlight key gaps in the literature and ripe opportunities for future field work. Section “Measuring Discrimination in the Field” reviews the various experimental methods that have been employed to measure the prevalence of discrimination, most notably audit a

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Lab-in-the-Field Experimentsiments have made it possible to isolate, among the many causes of discrimination, how cognitive mechanisms such as stereotyping, implicit bias, and in-group favoritism contribute to unequal experiences and opportunities. Evidence from natural experiments shows that mandates and incentives, establish

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Insights from Social Psychology: Racial Norms, Stereotypes, and Discriminationthat can influence decision-making in ways that lead to racial inequality. Stereotype formation is not accidental but rather is shaped by a society’s prevailing stratification system. In stratified societies, negative stereotypes about subordinated groups are internalized within individuals in their

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Race and Genderpin discrimination. As the United States becomes more diverse, identifying discrimination based on gender, race, or ethnicity will be more complexed. An increase in interracial- and intraracial-ethnic and interracial marriages will produce children who are racially ambiguous, that is, children who a

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