Titlebook: Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics; Cosimo Bambi,Andrea Santangelo Reference work 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 H

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Collimators for X-ray Astronomical Opticsotect the mirror from severe in-orbit thermal environment or to limit the mirror’s field of view. Although the latter may be a disadvantage in the viewpoint of observational performance, the collimation of incident X-rays allows us to block X-rays with large off-axis angles. Thus, the mount of the X

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Charge Coupled Deviceses, and in the case of the “great observatories” of XMM-Newton and Chandra have been returning science data for over 20?years. The CCD optimized for X-ray detection is often different from its variant working in the visible light region. This chapter describes the key performance parameters of relev

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X-ray Detectors for Astrophysicsfrom focusing mirrors characterized by their effective area and angular resolution to a simple collimated system where photons from a small solid angle on the sky are selected. An overview of these optical systems is given in Section 1 of this handbook (Part II, “Optics for X-Ray Astrophysics”). In

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have created complicated economic, environmental and geopolitical circumstances around the world. Hence, in order to become sustainable economic model, bioeconomy has to deal with those challenges, as well as the important social factor related to issues such as accentuated disparities, population g

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