Titlebook: Handbook of Systems Sciences; Gary S. Metcalf,Kyoichi Kijima,Hiroshi Deguchi Reference work 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 S

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f their potency, mechanism of action and possible side effects if any. However, no animal model is good enough to represent entirely the manifestations and characteristic feature of particular type diabetes as the pathogenesis of diabetes may show heterogeneous expressions in man. Hence, several ani

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Systems Science, Cybernetics, and Complexityame theoretical roots, as well as histories which converge across leading figures and places in time. They can be conceived as three realms which shared and competed for prominence. All have influenced and been incorporated into scientific disciplines, though much of the history has been forgotten b

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Cybernetics Approaches and Models in this chapter range from the explicit to the implicit but have in common the central role of feedback as a guide for action and understanding. Feedback and the recognition of the importance of the observer in defining the system and its purposes are the common factor in a cybernetic approach. The