Titlebook: Handbook of Neurotoxicity; Richard M. Kostrzewa Reference work 20141st edition Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

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Methamphetamine and MDMA Neurotoxicity: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanismss and causes release of serotonin (5-HT) from storage vesicles. This is followed by 5-HT release into the synaptic cleft by reversal of normal SERT function. MDMA is selectively neurotoxic to serotonergic nerve terminals in rats, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates. MDMA users consistently show reduc

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MILK

Endogenous Kynurenic Acid and Neurotoxicityvailable data concerning changes of brain KYNA in respective animal models and in human diseases, together with an overview of effects following the application of KYNA, KYNA analogues or compounds influencing the activity of enzymes along kynurenine pathway are presented. Emerging therapies designe

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Molecular Mechanism and Effects of Clostridial Neurotoxinsum neurotoxin has a wide range of medicinal applications. In the last few decades, toxin transformed itself from life-threatening disease to a wonder drug. Therapeutic use of botulinum neurotoxin is based on three unique features: specificity, potency, and duration of action. Active research is unde

archetype

Survey of Selective Neurotoxinse uncovered by modern physiological and biochemical experimentation. However, the era of selective neurotoxins began with the pioneering studies of R. Levi-Montalcini through her studies of the neurotrophin “nerve growth factor” (NGF), a protein promoting growth and development of sensory and sympat

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Microglia: Neuroprotective and Neurodestructive Propertiesisplay highly specialized features. They maintain some phenotypic characteristics and lineage-related properties common to their cells of origin and their rapid response in areas of neuronal death led to the contention that microglia serve as brain macrophages. While microglia are often considered t

有害

6-Hydroxydopamine Lesioning of Dopamine Neurons in Neonatal and Adult Rats Induces Age-Dependent Cony into the brain. Refinements in the use of 6-OHDA led to the development of dopamine (DA)-denervated rats to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS), in which loss of DA-containing neurons is a prominent feature. Differing functional characteristics were eventually discovered