Titlebook: Handbook of Neurotoxicity; Richard M. Kostrzewa Reference work 2022Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Neurotoxicity.Neurto

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Microglial Cell Dysregulation in the Aged Brain and Neurodegeneration normal functioning of the nervous system, as well as in age-dependent changes and neurodegenerative diseases. As the brain ages, microglia acquire a phenotype that can be increasingly inflammatory and cytotoxic (dysfunctional microglia), generating a hostile environment for neurons. There is mounti

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Mechanisms Underlying Long-Latency Neurodegenerative Diseases of Environmental Originse (sAD), the causes of which are presumably environmental factors acting alone or in concert with genetic susceptibilities. Identification of culpable exogenous agents is challenging because years/decades may intervene between critical exposures and clinical appearance of neurodegenerative disease.

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BDNF-TrkB Signaling in Lifelong Central Nervous System Myelination and Myelin Repairpid neurotransmission and is critical for brain function, including motor skill acquisition and working memory. In the CNS, myelin acquisition occurs rapidly during development, and myelin sheaths are made by oligodendrocytes in response to a host of extracellular factors, including brain-derived ne

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Necrostatin-1 as a Neuroprotectant-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase, thereby preventing the formation of the necrosome complex and execution of necroptotic program. Apart from serving a crucial physiological role during development and adulthood, necroptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human pathologies inc

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Survey of Selective Monoaminergic Neurotoxins Targeting Dopaminergic, Noradrenergic, and Serotoninerts” – recognizing the functions that are lost by surgical removal of a specific nerve. The discovery and applicability of selective neurotoxins arose in the late 1960s when 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), possessing high affinity for the norepinephrine transporter was used to produce a sympathectomy. Th

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Survey of the Spectrum of Classic Selective Neurotoxinsral transporter, (2) a distinct set of enzymes or vesicular transporter, (3) a specific type of receptor or membranous protein, or (4) other unique characteristic. Moreover, the very name ‘neurotoxin’ is expanded in common usage to include agents that can affect glia, the neuronal supportive cells –

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Biomarkers of Neurotoxicity Inform Mechanisms of Vulnerability and Resilience in Dopaminergic Neuroneases. For example, the dopaminergic neurons that die in Parkinson’s disease patients have massive axonal arbors and intense energetic demands that leave them vulnerable to inhibition of energy production. Rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, and MPTP/MPP. (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydrodropyridine

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RCSN Cell System for Identifying Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity is hampered by the lack of permanent and stable in vitro models that bear relevant cellular traits, namely, neuronal dopaminergic function. Although various permanent cell lines exhibiting variable dopaminergic properties do exist, such properties are not necessarily stable and may require the appl