Titlebook: HIV and the Brain; New Challenges in th Robert H. Paul,Ned Charlton Sacktor,Karen Tokie Ta Book 2009 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The

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Neuropathological Findings Associated with Long-Term HAART,results in a significant decrease in viral load, often below the limits of detection in serum. This, coupled with increased CD4 T lymphocyte counts and at least partial restoration of the immune system, provides protection for infected subjects from opportunistic infections, which were previously th

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Neuroimaging Among HIV-Infected Patients: Current Knowledge and Future Directions,ological evidence of CNS involvement. In fact, when examining the postmortem samples (., .) , the incidence of HIV encephalitis continues to grow regardless of treatment improvements. This finding is perhaps the most important reason for conducting imaging studies, as it will be imperative to unders

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The Changing Face of HIV-Associated Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Disturbance,s that were first described prior to the availability of antiretroviral treatments through some of the major developments in the field to the present. This will be followed by discussion of some of the major factors that influence the neuropsychological symptoms of HIV, as well as how the cognitive

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Youth with HIV/AIDS: Neurobehavioral Consequences,ntrapartum, or through breastfeeding (.). Other routes of transmission during childhood and adolescence include exposure in a medical setting (the use of unsterilized needles or a blood transfusion), through risky sexual behavior, either voluntary or coerced, or from drug use. Lastly, some children

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Co-Occurrence of HIV, Hepatitis C, and Substance Use Disorders: Effects on Brain Functioning, of neuropathological and neurocognitive sequelae. In this chapter, we present and evaluate research that examines neurocognitive functioning among HIV-infected persons who are also infected with HCV and/or have a SUD. As we highlight throughout, the presence of an SUD and/or HCV in concert with HIV

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The Functional Impact of HIV-Associated Neuropsychological Decline,(.–.), which are often attributed to disruptions in frontal-striatal circuitry (., .). These HIV-associated deficits generally worsen with infection staging (.) , and decline in psychomotor speed appears to be the most robust (.,.) . Although dementia occurs in a relatively small number of HIVinfect

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HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Significance,multiple factors, including large intrasubtype diversity, frequent recombination, and methodological issues. In spite of the difficulties and limitations of the studies, evidence of some associations of HIV-1 clades with biological features has been found