Titlebook: Experimental Mechanics; An Introduction Emmanuel E. Gdoutos Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

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Fundamentals of Optics,Optical methods of stress analysis, including geometric, coherent, and interferometric moiré, photoelasticity, interferometry, speckle photography and interferometry, holography, optical fibers, digital image correlation, are of great importance in experimental mechanics.

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Electrical Resistance Strain Gages,that strains of the component are transmitted to the wire. Its operation is based on the discovery made by Lord Kelvin in 1856 that the electrical resistance of a wire increases with increasing strain and decreases with decreasing strain. By measuring the change of the resistance of the strain gage

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,Moiré Patterns Formed by Remote Gratings, sum of the two in-plane principal stresses for plane stress conditions. The moiré patterns are created by projecting the rulings of one grating onto the rulings of a second grating after interacting with the specimen. The first method developed by Theocaris (Moiré fringes in strain analysis. Pergam

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The Method of Caustics,amic loading. Together with the method of geometric moiré, they are the only two optical methods of experimental mechanics included in this book that are based on geometric optics and not on the phenomena of interference or diffraction of light, as the other optical methods. Besides crack problems,