Titlebook: Essentials of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology; Ramswaroop Singh Chauhan,Yashpal Singh Malik,Bhupe Textbook 2024 The Editor(s) (i

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978-981-99-2720-3The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapor

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5082-0cal, pathobiological, or pharmacodynamic processes. Specific cells of the innate immune system, receptors for microbial ligands, antimicrobial molecules, and inflammatory mediators are the potential biomarkers of immunopathology, which are frequently employed for biological research, disease diagnos

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73636-1against the self- antigens induce pathology, known as autoimmune diseases. These are now considered a major medical problem of today’s industrialized societies. With the major advances in veterinary immunology, autoimmune disorders are being identified in animals and birds too. The term autoimmunity

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ca. 300 BCE–600 CE: Alexandria and Alchemyne response is known as immunostimulation or immunopotentiation, while suppression of immune responsiveness is termed as immunosuppression. The necessity of suppression of the function of the immune system is well recognized in the areas of transplantation and immunopathological disorder like autoim