Titlebook: Essentials of Clinical Research; Stephen P. Glasser Textbook 2014Latest edition Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 clinica

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Research Methodology for Studies of Diagnostic Tests,mately be used for screening for risk factors, to diagnose a disease, or to assess prognosis. In order to be able to construct research questions and designs involving these concepts, one must have a working knowledge of this field. In other words, although traditional clinical research designs can

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Statistical Power and Sample Size: Some Fundamentals for Clinician Researchers,s, (2) to conduct such analyses for basic low-risk studies, and (3) to recognize when it is necessary to seek expert advice and input. I hope it is obvious that this chapter aims to serve as a general guide to the issues; specific details and mathematical presentations may be found in the cited lite

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Association, Cause, and Correlation,may not be. This chapter will address the various ways one can measure the degree of association between an exposure and an outcome and will include a discussion of relative and absolute risk, odds ratios, number needed to treat, and related measures. In addition, this chapter will introduce the con

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Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification (Interaction),and discuss these concepts so that they may be appropriately considered whenever one is interpreting the data from a study. Several types of common bias will be discussed (e.g. measurement bias, sampling bias, etc.) and effect modification (interaction) will be explained.

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,It’s All About Uncertainty,! We will start with the concepts of “the universe” and a “sample”, discuss the conceptual issues of estimation and hypothesis testing and put into context the question of how certain are we that a research result in the sample studied reflects what is true in the universe.

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