Titlebook: Engineering Optics; Keigo Iizuka Textbook 19851st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1985 Engineering.complexity.diffraction.electr

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99566-9The rigorous way of treating light is to accept its electromagnetic wave nature and solve Maxwell’s equations. However the number of configurations for which exact solutions can be found is very limited and most practical cases require approximations.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12322-3In the case of an electronic integrated circuit (IC), e.g., for a shift register IC, one normally does not worry about how each flip-flop unit is functioning. The only concern is whether or not the input and output electrical signals are correct. The IC’s are packaged in small black plastic cases, and they are literally looked upon as black boxes.

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Integrated Optics,In the case of an electronic integrated circuit (IC), e.g., for a shift register IC, one normally does not worry about how each flip-flop unit is functioning. The only concern is whether or not the input and output electrical signals are correct. The IC’s are packaged in small black plastic cases, and they are literally looked upon as black boxes.

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