Titlebook: Embassies to China; Diplomacy and Cultur Michael Keevak Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 Embassies to premode

捏造

協(xié)議

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-92573-2n sending local Chinese or Manchu officials, however, the Chinese government chose Jesuit missionaries instead, under the pretext that they were more familiar with Western languages and Western customs. But these were not really embassies in the Western sense of that term, since while on occasion Ch

sterilization

虛構(gòu)的東西

,Making “Peace” with the East,tern and Central Asia and were also posing a very real threat to Christian Europe. Soon they would become emperors of China as well. The Europeans asked the Mongols to stop their invasions and to convert to Christianity, but both requests were unequivocally refused. At issue was the West’s notion of

hemorrhage

,Portugal and “Empire”,ch at its height encompassed seaports stretching from West Africa to Japan. They expected to monopolize all international trade and tried to mark their new territory by setting up a . or stone marker, as well as to build fortifications that they could defend by force of arms. But China had a very di

bizarre

Culpable

falsehood

,Russia and “Diplomacy”,o other “western ocean” countries, the Russians were treated exceptionally well: they were granted frequent trading privileges, they signed two peace treaties, and they were even allowed to establish a permanent religious mission. Yet each of these exceptions was actually the result of a coherent Ch

亂砍

Epilogue,n sending local Chinese or Manchu officials, however, the Chinese government chose Jesuit missionaries instead, under the pretext that they were more familiar with Western languages and Western customs. But these were not really embassies in the Western sense of that term, since while on occasion Ch

Hemiplegia

,Making “Peace” with the East, “peace,” which meant something very different when it was translated into the languages used by the Mongols during this period. The West expected a mutual peace treaty and the laying down of arms, but in the Mongol world “peace” meant capitulation, in other words, that the West would agree to become subservient to Mongol authority.