Titlebook: Drugs During Pregnancy; Methodological Aspec Bengt K?llén Book 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 Epidemiological meth

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Gordon Betcherman,Douglas Rebne. Meta-analyses try to summarize a number of different studies, but this methodology is often not suitable for epidemiological studies, for instance, of drug exposure and pregnancy outcomes. More important than to calculate a common odds or risk ratio is to methodologically evaluate large studies.

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Identification of Maternal Use of Drugs,ospective ascertainment perhaps months after the delivery when a recall bias may occur, and often a large percentage of nonparticipants may cause further bias. If other methods can be applied they are preferable. The use of prescription registers will have the uncertainty that the woman may not have used the prescribed drug during the pregnancy.

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Lumping or Splitting?,or drugs and for malformations..The idea with lumping (adding together related groups) is to get larger numbers. On the other hand, one runs the risk to mix apples and pears and dilute effects of some specific drugs or on some specific malformations.

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Repeated Studies and Meta-analyses,. Meta-analyses try to summarize a number of different studies, but this methodology is often not suitable for epidemiological studies, for instance, of drug exposure and pregnancy outcomes. More important than to calculate a common odds or risk ratio is to methodologically evaluate large studies.

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M, R and Some Scale Estimators, .-value and the phenomenon of mass significance..If the reader is knowledgeable in biological statistics, he or she should skip this chapter which is written for readers who feel awe to statistical methods and statisticians. I have no intention to comprehensively teach statistics, I will only try to explain some basic facts and methods.

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Book 2016 how they can produce incorrect conclusions, it examines various epidemiological techniques and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. These refer both to the identification of outcomes (with special emphasis on congenital malformations) and to the types of exposure (drug use). ..Further, the book

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Limits to Responsibility and Decision-Making..The majority of studies on maternal drug use and infant outcome refer to congenital malformations. Some malformations result in infant death or life-long handicap, others are mainly of cosmetic importance, and many can be repaired by pediatric and plastic surgery.

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