Titlebook: Delay Differential Equations and Applications to Biology; Fathalla A. Rihan Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), und

mitral-valve

植物茂盛

Delay Differential Equations of Ecological Systems with Allee Effectal equations of prey-predator systems with the Allee effect. The dynamic relationship between the prey and their predators has long been and will continue to be one of the dominant themes in ecology due to its universal existence and importance (see, e.g., [.,.,.,.]).

flammable

Inertia

Fractional-Order Delay Differential Equations of Hepatitis C Virusy of the viral life cycle and incorporate a discrete time-delay to justify the short-run memory. The fractional order is also considered with existing model parameters to unify the units of the differential equations. We analyze the steady states and dynamical behavior of the model.

笨重

GULP

overshadow

miniature

moratorium

forthy

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-93664-6Estimation of model parameters is generally performed via minimization of an objective function, which represents a selected fitting criterion. It is known that observations are usually inexact, i.e., contain an uncertainty related to the measurement errors, random effects, non-linearity effects, and unknown process contribution.