Titlebook: Defensive (anti-herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants; Simcha Lev-Yadun Book 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 aposem

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危機

Sarcoma

The Many Defensive Mechanisms of Plantsy a small part of the complicated and sophisticated anti-herbivory defense system employed by plants. In order to give the reader the right perspective, and to add to the previous chapter, below I describe the basics of their defensive system against other organisms. I stress that there is not a sin

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No Defense Is Perfect and Defense Is Always Relativerawley 1983). Assuming that a perfect defense system could exist is naive. All types of defense probably have a cost, although the cost can be mitigated by multifunctionality of some of the defenses and following several types of non-defensive gains by these characters. An organism has to pass throu

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Evaluating Risk: The Problematic and Even Erroneous Common View of “No Damage or No Attack Equals Noon of herbivores under stress, which has been discussed above, is the question of risk evaluation in ecological and evolutionary plant/herbivore studies (e.g., Lev-Yadun 2006b, 2009a; Lev-Yadun and Gould 2007, 2009). There is a general difficulty in understanding this issue, which became clear to me

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Partial Descriptions of Color Patterns in Floras and Handbooks Has Consequences on the Study of Plan of vegetative organs and fruits. Taxonomists have usually refered only to flower colors and even this character has not always been described in full. Thorn, spine and prickle color, unripe and ripe fruit color, leaf colors (adaxial, abaxial, leaf margins, veins, petioles, when young and when old),

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Animal Color Visionand Harper 1976; Rausher 1978; Prokopy and Owens 1983; Reeves 2011). When discussing defensive plant coloration or any visual plant defense, it should be clear that the relevant herbivorous animals can see such visual cues, signals, deceptive coloration of various types, and distinguish (or not in c

JEER

The Nature of Signals To make things more complicated, certain coloration patterns may serve for crypsis at long distances, but signal at close range, an issue that will be discussed in some detail in the chapter about aposematism. Maynard Smith and Harper (2003) defined signals “as any act or structure which alters the

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