Titlebook: Convergent Evolution; Animal Form and Func Vincent L. Bels,Anthony P. Russell Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), un

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Convergence in Gliding Animals: Morphology, Behavior, and Mechanics,sures attributed to the evolution of gliding include the topography of the environment as well as the capabilities for rapidly escaping predation, foraging over larger spatial areas, and landing safely after falling. Although gliding locomotion has likely evolved in response to these multiple factor

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Convergence of Bipedal Locomotion: Why Walk or Run on Only Two Legs, is obviously challenging for a biped, since the number of ground contacts per cycle is reduced. Consequently, cyclic limb loading can also be expected to be higher. In association with these mechanical constraints, some species show clear adaptations that enable them to continuously walk and/or run

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Aquatic Locomotion: Environmental Constraints That Drive Convergent Evolution,emplar taxa have independently evolved adaptations in morphology, physiology, and behavior that result in concomitant levels of performance that meet the requirements associated with operating in a dense, viscous, and thermally conductive marine environment. These apex marine predators display a rem

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Conclusion and Perspectives: What Convergent Evolution of Animal Forms and Functions Says About thend physical constraints limit the potential biological forms available for achieving particular functions. The more that forms and functions of animals are compared across the animal phylogeny, the closer we get to creating a mechanistic understanding of biological organization that allows us to mak

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