Titlebook: Conifer Reproductive Biology; Claire G. Williams Textbook 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Embryo.Seed.conifers.ecology.envi

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FISC

The Diplohaplontic Life Cycleto-phyte phase; both phases are multicellular so somatic growth follows meiosis and somatic growth follows the union of gametes or syngamy. But even so, there are variants within this basic plan. Some angiosperm species, like bamboo, flower only once at the end of life. Conifers, by contrast, are lo

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Separate Female and Male Meiosesxtent, other conifers and gymnosperms. Meiosis is the process by which the chromosomal complement is reduced by half. The resulting haploid spores, male and female, develop into multicellular gametophytes. Male and female meioses are both followed by cell division and subsequent growth of multicellu

characteristic

The Female Gametophyte Inside the Ovules develop integumented ovules (or megasporangia). Within each ovule‘s nucellar tissue forms sporogenous cells which give rise to a megaspore mother cell (MMC). The megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis and the product of female meiosis is the linear tetrad of four megaspores. Only the megaspore cl

ticlopidine

The Male Gametophyte Enclosed in a Pollen Walltral cone axis. Each sporophyll has microsporangia or pollen sacs attached to its underside. Each pollen sac contains many pollen mother cells (PMC) and each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis then gives rise to four microspores after meiosis. Each microspore develops into a multicellular, mobile

obtuse

Pollination and Fertilizationesembles a stochastic process. During female strobilus receptivity, ovules exude a localized pollination drop at night. By early morning, the pollination drop retracts, pulling its captured grains inside the micropylar arms, closer to the spongy nucel-lus. Hydrated by the pollination drop, the polle

obtuse

涂掉

The Dynamic Wind-Pollinated Mating System pollen capture while minimizing selfing and interspecific hybridization. Aerodynamics of moving branches, leaves and female strobili favor pollen movement into ovules while more cryptic molecular mechanisms influence paternal parent choice from pollination onward to seed maturity. Outcrossing is th

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