Titlebook: Cochlear Implantation in Children with Inner Ear Malformation and Cochlear Nerve Deficiency; Kimitaka Kaga Book 2017 Springer Science+Busi

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Embryology of Inner Ear and Its Malformation,th the vestibular organs and vestibular sensory cells..Neuronal myelination in human brain starts around gestation month 4. The auditory system belongs to older strains in the order of phylogenesis, and both neuronal myelination and development start late. The role of the auditory sense in the cochl

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Classification of Inner Ear Malformations,are membranous malformations. Here the pathology involves inner ear hair cells. There is no gross bony abnormality and, therefore, in these cases, high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporal bone revealed normal findings. The remaining 20 % hav

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Outcome of Cochlear Implantation in Children with Cochlear Nerve Deficiency and/or Inner Ear Malfor30 years ago, considerable progress has been made, and the eligibility criteria have been expanded repeatedly. However, children with inner ear malformations (IEMs) and/or cochlear nerve deficiency (CND) are still regarded as difficult candidates because the inner ear is the site in which cochlear i

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EABR of Inner Ear Malformation and Cochlear Nerve Deficiency After Cochlear Implantation in Childreical measurements of the cochlear implant. The inner ear malformations can be divided into categories according to the observation of modiolus deficiency and/or cochlear nerve deficiency (CND). CND severity can be categorized in one of three ways, according to the MRI findings: (1) a hypoplastic coc

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Vestibular Neuropathy,esence of preserved cochlear outer hair cell function indicated by normal evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and/or cochlear microphonics. On the other hand, neuropathies of the vestibular nerves have not been commonly recognized. One reason for this situation may be due to ambiguity in the definit

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Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential After Cochlear Implantion,bular nucleus to sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCMs) in pediatric otology and neurotology. c-VEMP (saccular origin) and o-VEMP (utriculus origin) are clinically applied for a different diagnosis. After cochlear implantion, c-VEMPs are possible to record because of an electrical current spread from co