Titlebook: Chest Pain with Normal Coronary Angiograms: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management; Juan Carlos Kaski (BHF Sugden Reader in Clinical C Boo

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Abnormal Pain Processing in Syndrome X,out any specific cardiac, esophageal, musculo-skeletal, or psychiatric disorders. There are many clues indicating that this anginal syndrome is in fact many different syndromes giving rise to a similar symptomatology. However, a general abnormality of nociception could incorporate many of the result

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Myocardial Metabolism in Cardiac Syndrome X,ke ST segment depression in response to exercise stress testing attempts have been made to ascertain whether the syndrome has an ischemic etiology. Measurement of cardiac metabolite exchange in response to pacing stress is one of the methods used to investigate ischemia in these patients. Ischemia i

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Endothelin: An Important Mediator in the Pathophysiology of Syndrome X?,pain having normal coronary angiograms [.,.]. The term cardiac syndrome X to describe patients with chest pain and normal coronaries was first introduced by Kemp in 1973 [.] and is now generally confined to patients with exertional angina, completely normal coronary angiograms and a positive electro

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Estrogen Deficiency and Syndrome X,han in men. Female patients with syndrome X are often menopausal (either natural or surgical) and suffer from symptoms of ovarian insufficiency such as hot flushes and migraine. The high incidence of hysterectomies (4-times greater than an age matched United Kingdom population) and signs of ovarian

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Alternative Mechanisms for Myocardial Ischemia in Syndrome X - New Diagnostic Markers,the occurrence of myocardial ischemia in syndrome X. However, carefully conducted studies have failed to show: (i) myocardial lactate production during pacing [.,.]; (ii) increases in pulmonary pressure during spontaneous episodes of transient ST segment depression [.]; (iii) abnormalities of left v