Titlebook: Chest Pain with Normal Coronary Angiograms: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management; Juan Carlos Kaski (BHF Sugden Reader in Clinical C Boo

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Book 1999d by the technique of coronary angiography. The changes on the electrocardiogram, conventionally indicative of myocardial ischemia, could not be explained on the basis of any abnormality of the coronary arteries and Kemp named the complex of fmdings syndrome X because of this seeming paradox and the

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Cardiac Syndrome X and Microvascular Angina,duction. In his editorial article, over 25 years ago, Kemp [.] highlighted several important aspects of the syndrome. In particular, the heterogenous nature of syndrome X, the possibility of more than one etiologic cause and the fact that a different form of myocardial ischemia could play a pathogen

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,Esophageal Abnormalities and “Linked-Angina” in Syndrome X,en cardiac and esophageal chest pain. The content of this work will be based on a prospective study that we carried out to ascertain the relative prevalence of abnormalities of esophageal function (motility and reflux disorders) and coronary flow reserve in strictly characterized syndrome X patients

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Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiac Syndrome X (Microvascular Angina),ery spasm, are generally assumed to have myocardial ischemia due to microvascular dysfunction (these are often considered to have cardiac syndrome X). Many studies have demonstrated that a large proportion of these patients have limited coronary vasodilatory response to pharmacological stimuli and p

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