Titlebook: Characterization of Solid Surfaces; Philip F. Kane,Graydon B. Larrabee Book 1974 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1974 biochemistr

說(shuō)明

guardianship

協(xié)議

Stylus Techniquesmpetus because of the need for accurate methods of quality control during the war, in particular, because of the need for controlling the quality of surfaces of components manufactured by subcontractors. Since then, the uses of stylus techniques have increased manyfold. Reduction of the dimensional

Glucose

Electron Microscopyracks nucleate at the surfaces of materials and the rate at which they nucleate is greatly influenced by the detailed topography of the surfaces. in the field of thin-film devices, the manufacturing tendency has been to reduce the size of electronic components. Surface-to- volume ratios are now exce

CESS

Scanning Electron Microscopycludes all information relating to topographical features, morphology, habit and distribution, identification of differences based on chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, and subsurface features, among others.

CHOP

Field Ion Microscopye capable of giving an image of the atoms themselves. It was developed from the earlier field emission microscope and has recently been given another dimension by the addition of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This latter combination has been described as the atom probe and it is well-named sin

蝕刻

hereditary

Electrochemical Techniquesns and tell something about the state of the surface. Electrochemical measurements, however, require an electrolyte on one side of the interface, and high potential gradients across this region may occur (≈ 10. V/cm). the surface can be materially different from that in equilibrium at the solid-gas