Titlebook: Causation, Prediction, and Search; Peter Spirtes,Clark Glymour,Richard Scheines Book 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1993 Microsoft Ac

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RODE

高腳酒杯

Causation and Prediction: Axioms and Explications,alyze causal influence as some sort of counterfactual relation (sometimes a counterfactual relation having to do with manipulations or interventions), and those that prefer not to talk of causation at all. We advocate no definition of causation, but in this chapter we try to make our usage systemati

Perigee

saturated-fat

Discovery Algorithms for Causally Sufficient Structures,ws before the inquiry, could be the structure from which the data are obtained. There is something to be found out about the actual structure, whichever it is. It may be that we want to settle a particular hypothesis that is true in some of the possible structures and false in others, or it may be t

猛然一拉

猛然一拉

虛弱的神經

Regression, Causation and Prediction,idered in the previous chapters, and the solutions are to be found there as well. What is singular about regression is only that a technique so ill suited to causal inference should have found such wide employment to that purpose.

卵石

The Design of Empirical Studies,damental issues. They include a comparison of the powers of observational and experimental designs, some implications for sampling and variable selection, and some considerations regarding ethical experimental design. We conclude with a reconsideration from the present perspective of the famous disp

expeditious

The Structure of the Unobserved,, sociology and elsewhere the principal aim may be to uncover the causal relations among such “l(fā)atent” variables. In such cases it is usually assumed that one knows that the measured variables (e.g., responses to questionnaire items) are not themselves causes of unmeasured variables of interest (e.g