Titlebook: Cardiology Procedures; A Clinical Primer Robert C. Hendel,Carey Kimmelstiel Textbook 2022Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and T

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Transesophageal Echocardiographyme the test of choice in many circumstances. Improved image quality is due to the decreased distance and the absence of bone or lung between the transducer and the heart. However, it is an invasive procedure and hence, should be reserved for indications where TTE provides inadequate diagnostic infor

Substitution

Contrast Echocardiographyof endocardial border visualization, and assessment of intracardiac structures. Ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs) are FDA approved for left ventricular opacification. UEAs play an important role in diagnosis of wall motion abnormalities, cardiac function, myocardial diseases, masses, and thrombi. A

Proponent

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Oxygen consumption, in turn, can be approximated to the measurable metabolic equivalent (MET). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) remains the sole method for the direct MET measurement. During this test, many variables are recorded including the expiratory ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange (

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Pharmacologic Stress Testingponse or possess contraindications to exercise. Additionally, in the presence of LBBB or ventricular paced rhythm, pharmacological stress testing is the modality of choice. Because the sensitivity of pharmacological stress ECG alone is low, a cardiac imaging modality is needed. Pharmacological stres

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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Myocardial Perfusion Imagingng an important role in the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD), viability assessment, and risk stratification. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) improves the sensitivity and specificity over standard exercise stress testing and provides information regarding systolic function and wall motio

排斥

Positron Emission Tomographynction, and metabolism. The advantages of cardiac PET imaging over SPECT are [Dilsizian et al. (J Nucl Cardiol. ., 2009)]: improved image quality (especially in obese patients) with high both temporal and spatial resolution, relatively short imaging protocols, routine attenuation correction (depth i

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Amyloid Imagingwith the availability of multiple imaging modalities each with relative benefits and contraindications. While current imaging modalities are safe and accurate for the purposes of diagnosing CA, their roles continue to evolve